Italian ryegrass has a strong adaptability and high yield and nutrition, which play a role in improving soil fertility 3, 4. This grass has many tillers at its roots, grows quickly and has good grazing resistance.

Italian ryegrass ( Lolium multiflorum L.) is a globally cultivated grass.

Grasslands have an important ecological function, which plays a central role in water and soil conservation, air purification, climate regulation and biodiversity conservation 2. For a long time, as the main means of production and material basis, grasslands have provided an important contribution to the development of animal husbandry. Grassland accounts for 41.7% of China’s total land area 1. The CRU combined with 300 kg ha −1 KCl fertilization enhanced crop growth by improving leaf photosynthesis, soil fertility, and yield and should be recommended as the best fertilizer ratio for Italian ryegrass production. The root length, volume, surface area, average diameter, tips and branches were also improved, and there was a significant N × K interaction effect on the tips. Overall, the CRU × KCl300 maximized the soil inorganic N and different soil K forms, and reduced the soil N/K leaching. At the same time, compared with the KCl150 and KCl450 treatments, the KCl300 treatment resulted in better plant growth. Moreover, the dry yields of the CRU increased by 4.5–12.5% in 2019 and 10.9–25.3% in 2020 compared with the urea, respectively. Compared with the common urea treatments, the CRU significantly increased the SPAD value, plant height, leaf area, and photosynthetic index of Italian ryegrass, which significantly prolonged the green stage of Italian ryegrass and prevented premature senescence. While low, moderate and high potassium chloride (KCl) rates (150, 300 and 450 kg ha −1, respectively) were assigned to the subplots. The main plots were assigned to two N fertilizer types, controlled-release urea (CRU) and common urea. A 2-year field experiment with a split-plot design was conducted to study the effect of N fertilizer type combined with different K fertilizer rates on the soil mineral N and K availability, and growth characteristics of Italian ryegrass. Nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) are essential nutrients for Italian ryegrass ( Lolium multiflorum L.) growth.

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